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Simplified Chinese Characters

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List Jianhuazi Zong Biao (), "Complete simplified characters" or the final list of characters Simplified announced in 1986, contains the following elements:
Figure 1, contains 350 simplified characters only, including the simplifications can not be generalized other characters
Figure 2, which contains 132 simplified characters and 14 simplified radicals, which can be generalized to everyone else
Figure 3 a list of 1,753 simplified characters, according to figure 2. This list is not exhaustive, and a character can be simplified in accordance with Table 2 should be simplified, although it seems not in table 3.
Appendix, which contains:
39 characters that are officially considered as cases where a variant complex was removed in favor of simpler variant character, rather than as a complex character, character is replaced by a newly created one. However, these characters are generally deemed to have been simplified, so that is included here for reference purposes.
35 place names that have been modified to replace rare characters other more common. These simplifications are not in character, because there are names that have changed places, and not the characters themselves. A place name has since been returned the original version.
Di Yi Biao zhengli yitizi feet ("Series A list of character Organization Option) also explains the difference in spelling between mainland China on the one hand, and Hong Kong and Taiwan, on the other. Although not technically "simplifications", often considered as such because the effect end is the same. Contains:
1027 variant characters deemed obsolete as the final review in 1993. Some of them are outdated Taiwan and Hong Kong too, but other still in use.
Comparison with the simplification of Japan
Main article: Shinjitai
After the Second World War, Japan has been simplified also a number of Chinese characters (kanji) used in the Japanese language. New forms Shinjitai are called. Compared with the reform Chinese, Japanese was more directed, affecting only a few hundreds of characters and their replacement by simplified forms, most of whom were already in use in Japanese cursive script. In addition, the list is exhaustive simplifications, unlike the simplified Chinese characters and similar simplifications are not explicitly simplified (Shinjitai enlarged) are not approved, and instead practice is to use traditional forms.
The number of characters in the circulation also fell, and the official lists of the characters to learn during each school year are established. The overall effect is to standardize the teaching and use Kanji in modern literature and media.
Origins and History
Mainland China
Although most of the simplified Chinese characters used today are the result of work undertaken by the Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1950s and 60s, the simplification of characters before the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Italic text written almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms in the print media have always existed (dating from the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), although Early attempts to simplify resulted in the more characters added to the lexicon).
One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernize China. Traditional culture and values like Confucianism has been questioned. Soon, people in the movement began to cite the traditional Chinese writing as an obstacle to the modernization of China and therefore proposed that the reform. It has been suggested that the Chinese writing system should be simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth movement, called demons writing Chinese characters and flesh Nigua shshn snake gods to WNZ (). A famous writer Lu Xun Chinese 20th century, says that f Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China is going to die. () The commentators recently argued that Chinese characters have been blamed for economic problems in China during this period.
In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place in government Kuomintang, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. 324 simplified characters are collected by Qian Xuantong officially launched in 1935 as the table of the first set of simplified characters () and suspended in 1936. In many languages the world, literacy is promoted as a justification for spelling reform.
The People's Republic of China issued its first set of simplified characters in two official documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still endemic mixture of transition simplified characters remaining pieces of the simplified characters and a brief appearance, then disappeared.
In the Republic China, simplified characters are always associated with the left of the Cultural Revolution, which leads to a second round round of character simplifications (known erjian), or "second simplified characters, which was enacted in 1977. Intellectuals as Mengjia Chen, who opposed the reform, has been labeled a right and committed suicide. In part because of the shock and discomfort Following the Cultural Revolution and Mao's death, the second round of simplifications was unwelcome. In 1986, the authorities retracted the second round completely. Later that same year, the authorities promulgated a final list of simplifications, which is identical to the list in 1964, except six changes (including the restoration of three people who have been simplified in the first round, note that the form used in place of assistance in areas traditional Chinese). Although no longer officially recognized, some characters appear in the second round of informal atmosphere, learned so much character simplified second-round school.
simplification initiatives have been aimed at the eradication of characters entirely and establishing the romanization Hanyu Pinyin as the official writing system of the PRC, but the reform did not achieve great popularity at all in fact also that the leftists had expected. After retraction of the second round of simplification, the People's Republic of China stated that China wanted to keep the spelling stable. Years later, in 2009, the Chinese government published a list of in-depth review that included 8300 characters. No simplifications. However, six people already listed as "traditional" simplified characters, and 51 other "alternative" have been restored to the standard list. In addition, spelling (Such as Stroke) to 44 characters have been slightly modified. Moreover, the practice of simplifying the analogy of the characters darker radical considered obsolete. A State Official Language Commission cited "simplification" as the reason for the restoration of certain characters. The authority the language declared open a comment period until August 31, 2009, for public comment.
Singapore and Malaysia
Singapore underwent three successive cycles character simplification, eventually arriving at a common set of simplified characters as Mainland China.
The first cycle, comprising 498 of 502 simplified characters traditional characters, was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969. The second series, consisting of simplified characters in 2287, was enacted in 1974. The second group includes 49 different systems of mainland China, was eliminated in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted the six revisions made by Mainland China in 1986. However, Unlike mainland China, where the names of people be saved using simplified characters, parents have the opportunity to register their names in letters Children traditional in Singapore.
Malaysia has enacted a series of simplified characters in 1981, which were also very identical to the simplified characters used in China continental. Chinese language schools and use.
Traditional characters are still often in decorative contexts such as shop signs and calligraphy in two countries.
Hong Kong
A small group called Sei Dou Zi () / Zi Dou Wui () has tried to introduce a special version of the transcripts using simplified characters in 1930. Today, however, the characters are still traditional
Simplification method
There are several ways in which characters have been simplified
Substitution of components complex characters in common with the simpler forms:

,,, Etc
Modification of phonetics:

,,, Etc
Failure of all components:

,,, Etc
The use of forms printed in cursive form (simplified Chinese: traditional Chinese: pinyin: coshkihu)

,,, Etc
The adoption of ancient forms that are simpler in form:

,,, Etc
Creating new radical-radical compounds

,,, Etc
Creating new radical-phonetic compounds:

,,, Etc
Fusion a character in another, which sounds identical or similar:

,,, Etc
The merger of several characters in a new and simpler character
&, &, &; Etcetera
Systematically simplified character components, so that all characters that use a particular component are simplified in the same way:

,,, Etc

,,, Etc

,,, Etc
Note that there are exceptions to the rules that simplify the nature of the components. Using the rule given above, for example, exceptions and understand.
Given that traditional characters are sometimes combined, confusion can occur when the Chinese classic texts are printed in simplified characters. In rare instances, simplified characters actually became one or two shots more complex than their conventional counterparts due to revised logic. An example is the mapping of the previously existing variant. Note that the "hand" radical left () with three hits, was replaced by the "Tree" radical (), with four hits.
Another example of the simplified character has more hits than the traditional character (12 strokes) that when Traditional Chinese is written (11 strokes).
A particular simplification does not change the number of features not at all, but simply a change of position on the left and right of the character. This is the Chinese character for 'sufficient' be the traditional and simplified.
Distribution and use
Characters Simplified Chinese in China a sign
Republic of China, Singapore and Malaysia generally use simplified characters. Rarely appear in the printed text produced in Hong Kong, Macao, the Republic of China and Chinese communities overseas, although they are becoming increasingly prevalent as China opens to the world. In contrast, the continent has increased the use of traditional forms are often used in signage and logos.
Mainland China
The Law of the People's Republic of China on the language common national and simplified Chinese characters, means that the standard script, and relegates China traditional aspects and purposes such as ceremonies, cultural purposes (Eg calligraphy), decoration, publications and books on ancient literature and poetry, and for research purposes. Traditional China remains pervasive in buildings prior to the promotion of simplified characters as the old government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historic monuments. Traditional China is also often used for commercial purposes, such as displays and window advertisements, but is officially discouraged.
The People's Republic of China also tend to impress upon the people in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas traditional Chinese characters. For example, the People's Republic of China printed versions of the Journal People in traditional characters, and both the People's Daily and Xinhua sites have versions in traditional characters using Big5 encoding. Businesses that sell products mainland China in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan use traditional characters their displays and packaging to communicate with consumers (the reverse is true.) In addition, within the same country, two systems model, the PRC has not attempted to force Hong Kong or Macao in the use of simplified characters.
Dictionaries published in the Mainland China generally show both simplified and traditional counterparts. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong Mainland China and Taiwan, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitles in films, dramas and subtitling, with traditional Chinese characters, leaving exposed continental and use of traditional characters.
Hong Kong
The textbooks, official statements, newspapers, including the media funded by the People's Republic of China, show no signs of movement to simplify Chinese characters. However, a simplified version of the characters publications Chinese are becoming popular because these issues tend to be cheaper on the continent.
It is common for Hong Kong people to learn the traditional school characters Chinese and simplified Chinese in some way (either by reading books published in the media from the mainland or otherwise). For use on computers without But people tend to write Chinese characters using a traditional character of these sets as Big5. In Hong Kong, as elsewhere, it is common for people who use the two sets to do because it is much easier to convert a traditional place in the simplified character set by using the above methods 8 and 9 of simplification.
Taiwan
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Simplified Chinese Characters are not officially used in government publications and Preparation society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). However, it is legal to import publications and distribute simplified character. Characters simplified have long existed in informal writing during centuries of use is also popular, while simplified characters originally by the PRC government are much less common in appearance every day.
In all areas, the handwritten text most simplifications include informality (replacement script), and some characters (such as Tai "in Taiwan: Simplified traditional / alternative) have simplified the informal ways that appear more frequently the official forms, even in print. The use of Japanese hiragana characters [not] in place of the complex] [From our common: both mean "on" despite their independent pronunciations. Japanese characters and Chinese simplified characters are not acceptable for use on official documents in the Republic of China.
Singapore and Malaysia
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. reference material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009)
In Singapore, China is one of the official languages, the simplified characters are standard in all official publications government and government-controlled press. While simplified characters are taught exclusively in schools, unlike the People's Republic of China, the government not officially discourage the use of traditional characters. Despite all official publications are written in simplified characters, the Government still allows parents to choose the Chinese name for their child enrolled in traditional or simplified characters.
In Malaysia, the simplification of the characters are given exclusively in schools China since 1981, most young Malaysians of Chinese skills in simplified characters. As China is not an official language in Malaysia, the official use of Chinese so the simplified characters are rare.
Since there are no restrictions on using characters from traditional media, television programs, books, magazines and CDs that have been imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan are widely available, and these almost always use the traditional characters. Most karaoke discs, imported from Hong Kong or Taiwan, have words of songs in traditional characters. Several signs are still written in traditional characters. The menus in Hawker Centres and cafes are also usually written in traditional characters.
Overseas Chinese
Some of the overseas Chinese community (except for Singapore and Malaysia) traditional characters are the most common.
Education
In general, schools in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore use simplified characters exclusively while schools in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and the use of traditional characters exclusively.
For the Chinese go to school "Chinese", the set of characters used depends largely on the existing school. As expected, parents tend to enroll their children in schools that teach the script they use. Decline of Hong Kong citizens and people who emigrated before the simplification thus generally teaches traditional (and Cantonese), while children whose parents are from mainland probably learned new single.
Teaching Chinese as a foreign language to non-Chinese students is mainly in simplified characters and Hanyu Pinyin.
Mainland China
In December 2004, the Beijing education authorities rejected a proposal by a member of the CPPCC in Beijing political conference urging primary schools to teach traditional Chinese characters, as well as simplified. A member of the conference noted that most people in mainland China, especially young people, have difficulty with traditional Chinese characters; This is particularly important in relationships communities with non-mainland and Taiwan and Hong Kong. School authorities did not agree with the recommendation, saying it did not correspond to the "requirements law "and could complicated programs. A similar proposal was presented at a plenary session of the 11th Conference China People's Political Consultative March 2008.
Hong Kong
Most if not all, textbooks in Hong Kong Chinese language are written in traditional characters. Before 1997, the use of characters Simplified is generally frowned upon by educators. After 1997, while students can still be competent and the use of traditional characters within a formal framework can sometimes take a hybrid written in an informal environment to accelerate the writing. With the exception of open examinations, Simplified Chinese characters are considered acceptable to Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority for its speed.
Singapore and Malaysia
Chinese books in Singapore and Malaysia have been written exclusively in simplified characters, and only simplified characters are taught at school. Traditional characters are generally taught only to those who take calligraphy as extracurricular activities.
The Chinese as a Foreign Language
As the source of many textbooks of Mandarin Chinese is the Chinese mainland, most of textbooks in China are now based in Hanyu Pinyin and simplified characters - although there are textbooks from China who have traditional version. For practical reasons, universities and schools prepare students to be able to communicate with the mainland, so its obvious choice is to use simplified characters.
Most universities on the West Coast of the United States has taught the traditional character, probably due to the large population of Chinese Americans who continue to use traditional ways. The most important program of Mandarin Chinese in North America, University of British Columbia in Vancouver, switched to simplified characters at least a decade ago, although most of the surrounding population of Chinese-Canadians, who do not speak Mandarin at the moment users of the characters traditional. Cantonese program at Stanford University to support their students a set of traditional characters in Hong Kong partly because it uses traditional characters, and [Citation needed]. In places where a particular set is not rooted in local, for example, Europe and the United States, the statement is or is moving towards simplification the economic importance of the increase in mainland China, and also by the availability of inexpensive decent quality printed manuals in mainland China. Teachers of International students often recommend learning both systems.
In the UK, universities mainly teach Chinese at undergraduate level by using Simplified characters with pinyin. However, they require students to learn and be able to recognize the traditional forms of courses last year, when students have completed one year of study in China or Taiwan.
In Australia and New Zealand universities and TAFE schools mainly use simple characters.
Russia and countries over Eastern Europe have traditionally focused on education system of the People's Republic of China to teach Chinese using simplified characters, but exposes students to both systems.
In South Korea, universities have simplified characters are used mainly in the 1990s. In high school, Chinese is a selective items. By regulation of national standards, MPS I and traditional characters originally used before (from 1940), but changing characters Regulation pinyin and simplified have been used for students entering high school in 1996 or later. Therefore, MPS and traditional characters have disappeared since 1998 the South Korean school Chinese program.
In Japan there are two types of schools. Simplified Chinese is taught in place of traditional Chinese music in schools in favor of Mainland China. They also teach pinyin, a Chinese romanization system standard, while Taiwan-oriented schools to teach Zhuyin, using symbols phonetic. However, the schools focus on Taiwan began to teach simplified Chinese and pinyin to offer a more balanced education.
Cryptographic equipment
In text applications, coding system makes the UK more often simplified Chinese characters, while most to Big5 traditional characters. Although neither the encoding has an explicit link to a specific character, the absence of a one-to-head between simplified and traditional establishing in fact a relationship.
Since the number confused simplified Chinese characters in one and from the GB original coding system, known as GB2312-80, contains a unique code point for each character, it is impossible to use GB2312 to map to the largest set of traditional characters. It is theoretically possible to use Big5 code to map the small set of simplified character glyphs, but there is little market for the product. More recent and most forms of Go are in charge of the characters traditional. In particular, mainland authorities have now established that the GB 18030 character encoding standard for official use in all software releases continent. The code contains all East Asian characters included in Unicode 3.0. As such, GB 18030 encoding contains both simplified and traditional is in Big-5 and F, and all the characters are in Japanese and Korean encodings.
Unicode deals with the issue simplified and traditional characters in the unification project Han through the inclusion of points for each code. This was necessary due to the link between simplified and traditional characters is not one to one. Although this means a Unicode system can display both simplified and traditional, it also means that the different localization files are needed for each type.
Characters used in modern Chinese Japanese are also simplified, but usually to a lesser extent than in the Simplified Chinese, it should be mentioned that the Japanese writing system has reduced the number of Chinese characters in daily use, which was also part of the reforms in Japanese, therefore, a number of complex characters were written phonetically. The linkage between these different sets of Unicode characters became part of the unification process have controversial. Unsurprisingly, some Chinese characters used in Japan are not "traditional" or "streamlined." In this case, these characters can not be found in the traditional / Simplified Chinese dictionaries.
web pages
The internationalization of the World Wide Web Consortium working group recommends the use zh-Hans label language as an attribute value of language and content language value to specify the content of web pages in simplified Chinese characters.
Debate on Chinese Characters Traditional and Simplified
Main article: Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters
Discussion on use of traditional knowledge in relation Simplified Chinese characters has been around for a long time and continues today.
See also
Chinese character
stroke order
Shinjitai (Or japanese – simplified characters)
Ryakuji
Further reading
Bkset, R. (2006). Long story short forms: the evolution of Chinese characters simplified. Stockholm East Asian Monographs, No. 11. Stockholm: Department of Oriental Languages at the University of Stockholm. ISBN 9162868322
Chen, H. (1987). Simplified Chinese characters. Torrance, CA: Heian. ISBN 0893462934
Bergman, PM (1980). The basic English-Chinese, Chinese-English dictionary: using simplified characters (With an appendix containing the original complex characters) transliterated in accordance with the new, official Chinese phonetic alphabet. New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN 0451092627
Notes
^. Page list on the website of the State Language Commission, including a link to a PDF of the list. Retrieved on 18/08/2009.
^. Syndicated from (People's Daily), 04/09/2009. Retrieved on 10/04/2009.
Syndicated ^ d ', 09/04/2009. Retrieved on 10/04/2009.
^
^ Yen, Yuehping. (2005). Calligraphy and Power in contemporary Chinese society. Routledge. ISBN 0415317533
^
^ Peter Hessler, oracle bones, Harper Collins, New York, 2006. ISBN 0060826584.
^ "China to regulate the use of simplified characters", China View August 12, 2009. Retrieved on 17/08/2009.
^ For details, see ZH:
^ Keller, André feces. (1997). Literacy joint reassessment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198236352
^ – (Thousand Dragon Net – Beijing – The municipal commissioner of the Education Committee of China rejects People's Political Consultative Conference popularize the idea of education the traditional character)
^ Debate: The need for the traditional school characters?
^ School of Bridges gap between China and Japan
^ Best Richard Ishida (Editor): Practice 13: Use of Hans and Hant codes Internationalization Best Practices: Specifying Language in XHTML and HTML Content – Note W3C Working Group April 12, 2007.
References
Proposal for simplified Chinese character encoding obsolete
Race order and character animation Simplified Chinese dictionary
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